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Topic - • Gases ClosedManometer-640.gif This illustration shows the setup of a closed manometer. OpenManometerA-640.gif This illustration shows the setup of an open manometer. OpenManometerB-640.gif This illustration shows the data for an open manometer where the gas pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure. OpenManometerC-640.gif This illustration shows the data for an open manometer where the gas pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure. Different_Speeds_of_Gases-640.gif This diagram shows the position of the most probable speed, the average speed, and the root mean square speed on the graph of the distribution of molecular speeds of gas molecules. GasMotion-640.gif This illustration shows a demonstration of the fact that gas molecules travel at high speeds in a straight line. MolecularSpeed_vs_MM-640.gif This diagram shows the distribution of molecular speeds for different gases at a given temperature. MolecularSpeed_vs_Temp-640.gif This diagram shows how the distribution of the molecular speeds of oxygen gas varies with temperature. MolecularDistribution animation This animation shows the generation of a molecular speed distribution graph using metal vapor. Avogadro'sLaw animation This animation shows how the volume of a gas changes with the number of moles of gas at constant temperature and pressure. BoylesLaw animation This animation shows how the pressure of a gas changes with the volume of gas at constant temperature and moles. Charles Law Animation This animation shows how the volume of a gas changes with the temperature of gas at constant pressure and moles. Gay-Lussac's Law animation This animation shows how the pressure of a gas changes with the temperature of gas at constant volume and moles. AtmosphericPressure animation This animation shows how atmospheric pressure is exerted on a person and how it is calculated. Cyrophorus animation An animation showing a sealed container of water and Cyrophorus inserted into liquid nitrogen to cool. This shows how the higher energy water molecules escape from the liquid water and are condensed in the part of the tube immersed in the liquid nitrogen. This lowers the average kinetic energy and temperature of the remaining liquid water. Eventually the temperature of the water decreases enough to freeze. Bromine animation This animation shows sealed vials of Bromine, one under low pressure & one at atmospheric pressure, which are put into liquid nitrogen to cool. The molecules of bromine in the lower pressure tube condense to the solid faster because there are fewer molecules of air to collide with due to the low pressure. The bromine molecules travel further between collisions and reach the cold surface faster and condense faster. MolecularMotion animation An animation that shows orange and green beads inside a sealed vial of liquid mercury. When the liquid mercury is heated and the atoms of mercury vapor strike the colored beads, it bounces them around. This illustrates collisions with gas phase particles.   Topic - • Bonding NonpolarCovalentBonding animation This animation shows the sharing of electrons and the formation of a nonpolar covalent bond. IonicBonding animation This animation shows the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal to form ions and the structure of an ionic crystal. PolarBonding This animation shows the formation of polar covalent bonds. Two molecules with different geometries are shown. H2O_bond.jpg This diagram shows the hydrogen bonding in water. HI_bond.jpg This diagram shows the dipole force in HI. LondonDispersionForce_I2_bond.jpg This diagram shows the London dispersion force in I2. LondonDispersionForce animation This animation shows the London dispersion force in I2. p_sigma_bonding.jpg This diagram shows the formation of sigma bonding molecular orbitals. p_pi_bonding.jpg This diagram shows the formation of pi bonding molecular orbitals. Molecular_1s_orbitals-1.jpg This diagram shows the formation of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals from s type atomic orbitals. Molecular_1s_orbitals-2.jpg This diagram shows the distribution of electrons in the molecular orbitals of diatomic hydrogen. Hetero-Molecular_orbitals.jpg This diagram shows the distribution of electrons in the molecular orbitals of diatomic hydrogen fluoride. BondingEnergy.gif This diagram shows the relative energy of the bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. Diatomic-Molecular_orbitals-1.gif This diagram shows the distribution of electrons in the molecular orbitals of Period 2 diatomic nonmetallic elements. Diatomic-Molecular_orbitals-2.gif This diagram shows the distribution of electrons in the molecular orbitals of Period 2 diatomic metallic elements. Diatomic-Molecular_orbitals-3.gif This diagram shows the distribution of electrons in the molecular orbitals of Period 2 diatomic nonmetallic elements. Bonding_Orbital.gif This diagram shows the combination of electron probabilities in a bonding molecular orbital. Antibonding_Orbital.gif This diagram shows the combination of electron probabilities in a bonding molecular orbital.

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